Introduction
Anemia is a common world health issue (Brabin et al., 2001).World Health Organization defines anemia as an acquired condition caused by low hemoglobin levels as a consequence of the deficiency from one or more essential nutrients (Stoltzfus, 2001). When hemoglobin levels decrease, life quality is affected (Shander et al., 2011). As a consequence of this health issue, it is considered important to develop new strategies that might help reduce the disorder incidence index or ultimately aid in the recovery of those already affected.
A strategy may be the consumption of the beet (Beta vulgaris L.). This vegetable is one of the most important, worldwide. It is recognized in increasing exercise-running performance, management of hypertension, antiradical, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, as well as by its hepatoprotective and antidiabetic potential (Bolkent et al., 2000; Váli et al., 2007; Kapadia et al., 2011; Murphy et al., 2012; Siervo et al., 2013; Vulić et al., 2013). According to its pigment, beet is used for hematological disorders. However, there is little evidence about of its anti-anemic properties (Jaiswal et al., 2014), so this study is designed to investigate, the effects of a diet based on fermented beet and orange with Lactobacillus sporogenes on male Wistar rats with anemia.
Materials and Methods
Forty male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), weighing 200-300 g and 4-6 weeks old, were used in this study in the Department of Research and Posgrade in Foods of the University of Sonora, in accordance with the “Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals” (National Research Council U.S.). Firstly, rats were separated into labeled as G1, G2 and G3 (Table I) three groups, with each group, containing ten rats. Each group was put into individual boxes with water and ad libitum. Every two days during the morning, blood was collected from their tails by drop in volumes of approximately 1-2 mL. Hemoglobin (Hb) was measured for levels Hb≤10, which is considered as anemia. In addition, a control group (G0) of rats without anemia induction was formed. The non-anemic group was fed ad libitum. Hb was determined by the HemoCue Hb 201® system, which consists in a portable photometer and microcubes. It measures total Hb in blood capillary and venous (microliters). The diet provided for the control group was a croquette (LABDIET 5008-Formula Diet). G1, G2 and G3 were fed with croquette during the blood extraction (Table I). When rats were diagnosed with anemia, the diet for the G1 group continued to consist of the croquette, while the diet for G2 group was changed to fermented beet and the G3 group was changed to a mixture of the 50% ground croquette and 50% (Table I). The orange juice was added to the beets to be homogenized mechanically through a blender (Osterizer®) during 30 s. The final formula was beet stem (20% w/v), beet tuber (40% p/v), orange juice (5% v/v) and 200 mL of water (35% v/v). A 106 of Lactobacillus sporogenes inoculum was added to the formula, and incubated (35 °C) to be fermented; the fermentation was stopped when pH ≤5 was reached. Moisture, ashes, proteins, and lipids were determined by Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC INTERNATIONAL, and iron content by ortho-phenanthroline method (Arango et al., 2012). Data from the proximate analysis and “experimental rat assays” were used for the statistical analysis. Tukey multiple comparison tests were used to determine differences between means. Statistics were determined using JMP 5.0.1 software (SAS Institute Inc. USA).
Results
Fermented beet was obtained by incubation on day 5, resulting in a pH of 4.68±0.12. Table II shows proximate analysis results of fermented and croquette-fermented diets. Referring to the croquette, results corresponded to amounts reported on the commercial label. Anemia was induced in 10 days after the blood extraction stage. The control group (G0) did not develop anemia.
Table II
Diets proximal analysis made to Wistar rats.
| Croquette | Fermented | |
|---|---|---|
| Moisture (%) | 9.85±0.36B | 76.20±0.12A |
| Protein (%) | 17.56±1.32A | 0.56±0.13B |
| Lipid (%) | 22.90±5.51A | 15.30±1.31A |
| Ash (%) | 7.91±0.30A | 0.40±0.01B |
| Iron (mg Kg-1) | 285.13±16A | 7.60±3.48B |
Hb levels were around 8.5-10.0 g/dL and were kept at least by two consecutive measures. Next, the recuperation process started with the diets. Table III shows Hb levels according to different hours and recuperation diets. No significant differences were found between the groups during 120 hours of recuperation.
Table III
Hemoglobin levels on anemia recuperation during 120 hours.
Discussion
In regard to iron and protein concentration, the fermented was the diet with lower levels; this data was of special interest because even the fermented group did not have a balanced formula with the croquette. It did not indicate a significant difference in recuperation. However, it did indicate a beneficial possible effect of fermented in Hb.
Benefits of fermented beet and non-fermented beet have been reported and indicated that they could have a significant incidence on anemia recuperation. Saccharose, glucose, fructose, citric acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, polyphenols, vitamin C, betalains and other compounds may be related to the production and stability of hemoglobin (Keven et al., 2003; Moreno et al., 2007; Bavec et al., 2010). In humans, beet regulates the blood pressure (Hobbs et al., 2012; Moreno et al., 2008).
Moreover, the benefits by the using of Lactobacillus sporogenes as a probiotic have been reported and ferments with Lactobacillus acidophilus demonstrated are potentiates bioavailability of iron and can result in the reduction of oxidative stress in red blood cells in models animal with mice and rats (Oda et al., 1994; Endres et al., 2009; Kaushal & Kansal, 2012).
