Keywords
composition
organic cultivation
conventional cultivation
lychee
How to Cite
Abstract
The lychee is an exotic fruit native to Asia that is attracting growing interest among farmers. In Mexico, the main producing states are Veracruz, Sinaloa, and Oaxaca, and production is currently expanding to other states. The objective of this study was to determine the differences in lychee fruit (skin, pulp, and seed) grown organically and conventionally in terms of chemical composition, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. The results showed that the organically grown fruit had higher ash, lipid, protein, and fiber content in the analyzed fractions compared to the conventionally grown fruit; as for the pulp of the conventionally grown fruit, it had higher phenolic content and antioxidant activity than its organic counterpart. The differences in values between the samples confirmed that their chemical composition is influenced by the type of cultivation and the application of chemical compounds. Finally, it is concluded that since the peel and seed of organic lychee contain a greater number of bioactive compounds compared to conventional lychee, they can be used for the production of value-added foods.
References
Abebe, M., Akinlabi, A. A., Mackey, C. D., Ranique, M. R. S., Musenge, P., Rusell, D. O. & Hailemeskel, B. (2021). Content comparison of organic and conventional celery. Educ. Res. Appl., 5, 180. DOI: 10.29011/2575-7032.100180
Anjum, J., Lone, R. & Wani, K. A. (2017). Lychee (Litchi chinensis): Biochemistry, panacea, and nutritional value Lychee. Disease Management, 2017, 237–256. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ 978-981-10-4247-8_ 14.
AOAC International. (2000). Oficial Methods of Analisys. 17th Ed. W. Horwitz, Editor.
Benítez-Estrada, A., Villanueva-Sánchez, J., González-Rosendo, G., Alcántar-Rodríguez, V. E., Puga-Díaz, R. & Quintero-Gutiérrez, A. G. (2020). Determinación de la capacidad antioxidante total de alimentos y plasma humano por fotoquimioluminiscencia: Correlación con ensayos fluorométricos (ORAC) y espectrofotométricos (FRAP). TIP Revista Especializada en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, 23, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.22201/fesz.23958723e.2020.0.244
Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. E. & Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und-Technologie, 28, 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
Bravo, L. & Saura-Calixto, F. (1998). Characterization of the dietary fibre and the in vitro indigestible fraction of grape pomace. American Journal Enology and Viticulture, 49, 135–141. DOI: 10.5344/ajev.1998.49.2.135
Cabral, T. A., de Morals, C. L. & Pinheiro-Sant´Ana, H. M. (2014). Chemical composition, vitamins and minerals of a new cultivar of lychee (Litchi chinensis cv. Tailandes) grown in Brazil. Fruits, 69, 425-435. DOI: 10.1051/fruits/2014031
Cantillano, F. R. F., Ávila, M. J. M., Peralba, R. M. C., Pizzolato, T. M. & Toralles, R. P. (2012). Actividad antioxidante, compuestos fenólicos y ácido ascórbico de frutillas en dos sistemas de producción. Horticultura Brasileira, 30, 620-626.
Chitindingu, K., Ndhlala, A. R., Chapano, C., Benhura, M. A. N. & Muchuweti, M. (2007). Phenolic compound content, profiles and antioxidant activities of Amaranthus hybridus (pigweed), Bracharia brizantha (upright brachiaria) and Panicum maximum (guinea grass). Journal Food Biochemistry, 31, 206-216. DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2007.00108.x
De Castro-Lima, T. M. (2016). Qualidade e compostos bioativos de frutos de umbuzeiro cultivados sob o sistema orgânico e convencional. Universidade Federal Da Paraíba. Centro de Tecnologia e Desenvolvimento Regional. Paraiba, Brasil. 61 p.
Dutta, P., Kundu, S. & Talang, H. (2016). Quality assessment of litchi fruits grown in different growing systems in new alluvial zones of West Bengal. Progressive Horticulture, 48(1), 114-115. DOI: 10.5958/2249-5258.2016.00022.1
Estela, de R. Q., Celeste, M. P. de A., Denise, A. R. & Mariana, A. B. (2015). Anti-nutritional compounds in fresh and dried lychee fractions (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). African Journal of Agricultural Research, 10(6), 499–504. https:// doi. org/ 10. 5897/ ajar2 014. 8750
Faller, A. L. K. & Fialho, E. (2010). Polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity in organic and conventional plant foods. Journal of Food Composition and Analisys, 23, 561-568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2010.01.003
Feng, C. Y., Liu, Y. G., Ma, F. Y., Qiong, F. & Zhang, X. M. (2017). The antioxidant activities of litchi pericarp among different cultivars. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 81, 1-6. DOI 10.1088/1755-1315/81/1/012012
Ferreira, M. J. O., Conchinhas, B., Baptista, L. A. E., Cruz, R. A. L. C., Nunes, S. I. M., Boavida, F. R. M. S., Ribeiro, A. C. & Batista, S. P. (2024). Caracterización de compuestos fenólicos de la cáscara de Caryocar brasiliense con potencial actividad antioxidante. Plants, 2024 (13), 12 p. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/plants13152016
Folin, C. & Ciocalteau, V. (1927). Tyrosine and tryptophan determination in proteins. Journal Biology Chemistry, 73, 627-650.
García, G. M. R. & Miranda, R. C. L. (2017). Composición nutricional, propiedades funcionales, componentes bioactivos y actividad antioxidante de dos variedades de semillas de chía (Salvia Hispanica L.) de cultivo convencional y orgánico en el Perú. Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Lima, Perú. 45 p.
Gho, Y. S., Kim, S. J. & Jung, K. H. (2020). Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase family is closely associated with response to phosphate deficiency in rice. Genes and Genomics, 42, 67-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13258-019-00879-7
González-Fuentes, J. A., Lozano-Cavazos, C. J., Preciado-Rangel, P., Troyo-Diéguez, E., Rojas-Duarte, A. & Rodríguez-Ortiz, J. C. (2021). Fertilización orgánica contra convencional en el rendimiento, atributos morfológicos y calidad de fruto de tomate uva en un sistema de subirrigación no recirculante. Terra Latinoamericana, 39, 1-16. e897. https://doi.org/10.28940/terra.v39i0.897
Huang, F., Zhang, R., Dong, L., Guo, J., Deng, Y., Yi, Y. & Zhang, M. (2015). Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of polysaccharide fractions from litchi pulp. Food & Function, 6(8), 2598–2606. https:// doi. org/ 10.1039/ C5FO0 0249D
Jacquet, F., Jeuffroy, M. H., Jouan, J., Le Cadre, E., Litrico, I., Malausa, T., Reboud, X. & Huyghe, C. (2022). Pesticide-free agriculture as a new paradigm for research. Agron. Sustain. Dev., 42, 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-021-00742-8.
Jain, P., Rai, R., Pant, R. & Jat, R. (2022). Assessment of Residual Effect of Paclobutrazol on the Growth, Flowering, Yield and Quality of Litchi. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 11(8), 65–76. https:// doi. org/ 10. 20546/ IJCMAS. 2022. 1108. 008
Jun, S. Y., Sattler, S. A., Cortez, G. S., Vermerris, W., Sattler, S. E. & Kang, C. H. (2018). Biochemical and structural analysis of substrate specificity of a Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase. Plant Physiology, 176(2), 1452-1468. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.17.01608
Li, J. & Jiang, Y. (2017). Litchi Flavonoids: Litchi flavonoids: Isolation, identification and biological activity. Molecules, 12, 745-758. https://doi.org/10.3390/12040745
López, M. D., Illanes, M., Jara, P., Figueroa, I., Fischer, S., Wilckens, R., Serri, H. & Schoebitz, M. (2020). Changes on phenolic compound contents under different production systems of blueberries. Bioagro, 32(3), 169-178.
Mohring, N. & Finger, R. (2022). Pesticide-free but not organic: adoption of a large-scale wheat production standard in Switzerland. Food Pol., 206, 102188. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.foodpol.2021.102188.
Molyneux, P. (2004). The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activity. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 26, 211-219.
Muller, A., Schader, C., El-Hage Scialabba, N., Brüggemann, J., Isensee, A., Erb, K. & Niggli, U. (2017). Strategies for feeding the world more sustainably with organic agriculture. Nature Communications, 8, 1290. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01410-w.
Murcia, A. K. S. & Castañeda, M. R. (2021). Evaluación del contenido de fenoles totales y capacidad antioxidante de extractos etanólicos de la cáscara de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) Revista de Investigación Agraria y Ambiental, 13(2), 53-65. DOI: 10.22490/21456453.4717
Nitzko, S. (2024). Consumer evaluation of food from pesticide-free agriculture in relation to conventional and organic products. Farming Sistem, 2(100112), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.farsys.2024.100112.
Pareek, S. (2016). Nutritional and biochemical composition of lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) cultivars. Nutritional Composition of Fruit Cultivars, 17, 395–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-408117-8.00017-9
Pérez-Jiménez, J. & Saura-Calixto, F. (2007). Macromolecular antioxidants or non-extractable polyphenols in fruit and vegetables: intake in four European countries. Food Research International, 74, 315-323. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.05.007
Prem, S. N., Singh, J., Singh, S., Singh G. P. & Vigyan K. K. (2022). Soil-leaf nutrient relationships with fruit quality and yield of litchi (Litchi chinensis) in northern India. The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 92(12), bn1453–1457. https:// doi. org/ 10. 56093/ IJAS. V92I12. 124134
Pretty, J., Benton, T. G., Bharucha, Z. P., Dicks, L. V., Flora, C. B., Godfray, H. C. J., Goulson, D., Hartley, S., Lampkin, N. & Morris, C. (2018). Global assessment of agricultural system redesign for sustainable intensification. Nat. Sustain, 1, 441-446. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0114-0.
Queiroz, E. D., De Abreu, C. M. P. & Da Silva, O. K. (2015). Constituintes químicos das fracoes de lichia in natura e submetidas à secagem: potencial nutricional dos subprodutos. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 34(4), 1174-1179. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-29452012000400026
Rojas-Barquera, D. R., Narváez-Cuenca, E. C. & Restrepo-Sánchez, L. P. (2008). Evaluación del contenido de vitamina C, fenoles totales y actividad antioxidante en pulpa de guayaba (Psidium guajava L.) de las variedades de pera, regional roja y regional blanca. Memorias Red-Alfa Lagrotech, 49-60.
Selvan, T., Panmei, L., Murasing, K. K., Guleria, V., Ramesh, K. R., Bhardwaj, D. R., Thakur, C. L., Kumar, D., Sharma, P., Digvijaysinh-Umedsinh, R., Kayalvizhi, D. & Deshmukh, H. K. (2023) Circular economy in agriculture: unleashing the potential of integrated organic farming for food security and sustainable development. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 7(1170380), 1-17. DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1170380.
Sharpe, R. M., Gustafson, L., Hewitt, S., Kilian, B., Crabb, J., Hendrickson, C., Jiwan, D., Andrews, P. & Dhingra, A. (2020). Concomitant phytonutrient and transcriptome analysis of mature fruit and leaf tissues of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Oregon Spring) grown using organic and conventional fertilizer. PLoS ONE, 15(1), e0227429. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227429
Sheikha, A. F. El. (2022). Nutritional Profile and Health Benefits of Ganoderma lucidum & ldquo; Lingzhi, Reishi, or Mannentake & rdquo; as Functional Foods: Current scenario and future perspectives. Foods 2022, 11(7), 1030. https:// doi. org/ 10. 3390/ FOODS 11071 030
Silva, J. S., Ortiz, D. W., Garcia, L. G. C., Asquieri, E. R., Becker, F. S. & Damiani, C. (2020). Effect of drying on nutritional composition, antioxidant capacity and bioactive compounds of fruits co-products. Food Science and Technology, 40(4), 810–816. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1590/ FST. 21419
Spiller, A. & Iweala, S. (2022). Ist Bio die Zukunft? Politik für eine nachhaltigere Landwirtschaft. Aus Polit. Zeitgesch., 72, 15-17. https://www.bpb.de/shop/zeitschriften/apuz/landwirtschaft-2022/507087/ist-bio-die-zukunft/.
Sui, Y., Shi, J., Cai, S., Xiong, T., Xie, B., Sun, Z. & Mei, X. (2021). Metabolites of procyanidins from Litchi chinensis pericarp with xanthine oxidase inhibitory effect and antioxidant activity. Frontiers in Nutrition, 8(9), 1–9. https:// doi. org/ 10. 3389/ fnut. 2021. 676346.
Upadhyaya, D. C. & Upadhyaya, C. P. (2017). Bioactive compounds and medicinal importance of Litchi chinensis. In The Lychee Biotechnology (pp. 333–361). Springer Singapore. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ 978-981-10-3644-6_ 13
Wen, L., You, L., Yang, X., Yang, J., Chen, F., Jiang, Y. & Yang, B. (2015). Identification of phenolics in litchi and evaluation of anticancer cell proliferation activity and intracellular antioxidant activity. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 84, 171-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.03.023
Yang, Z., Zhang, L., Liu, J. & Li, D. (2024). Litchi pericarp Treats Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Regulating Oxidative Stress, Inflamatory Response, and Energy Metabolism. Antioxidants, 13, 495. https:// doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040495
Yi, J. W., Ge, H. T., Abbas, F., Zhao, J. T., Huang, X. M., Hu, G. B. & Huang, H. C. (2022). Function of a non-enzymatic hexokinase LcHXK1 as glucose sensor in regulating litchi fruit abscission. Tree Physiology, 43(1), 130-141. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpac097
Zhang, R., Zeng, Q., Deng, Y., Zhang, M., Wei, Z., Zhang, Y. & Tang, X. (2013). Phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity of litchi pulp of different cultivars cultivated in Southern China. Food Chemistry, 136(3-4), 1169-1176. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.085
Zhao, L., Wang, K., Wang, K., Zhu, J. & Hu, Z. (2020). Nutrient components, health benefits, and safety of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.): A review. Journal of Food Science, 19(4), 2139-2163. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12590
Zhen, H. X. & DeGang, Z. (2017). Research progress in regulation and control mechanism of phenylalanine ammonia lyase in plants. Guizhou Agricultural Sciences, 45(4), 16-20. URL :http://www.gznykx.org.cn/Jweb_gznykx/.
Zhou, W., Jiang, X., He, P., Sun, Z. & Xie, B. (2019). Antioxidant activities correlation analysis of procyanidins from china cultivars litchi pericarp. Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 7(1), 27–31. https:// doi. org/ 10. 11648/J. SJAC. 20190 701. 14
TIP Magazine Specialized in Chemical-Biological Sciences, distributed under Creative Commons License: Attribution + Noncommercial + NoDerivatives 4.0 International.